ELECTRIC CARS ON THE MARKET

Electric cars on the market

Porsche Electric Car

 A-new law to force US auto wide to produce fuel-efficient cars and more electricity. Increased competition for European cars. make traffic in the United States more energy efficient, President Obama last month introduced a new standard. According to this standard have to fuel cars per gallon in 2025 to create a sort of 54.5 miles, about 23 kilometers per liter. This journey is approximately proportional to the Co2 emissions of just 70 grams per kilometer. However, the European targets for 2020 are emissions of 95 grams per kilometer.

In order to meet the goal of US automakers Obama will not be without a large part of the electric car. Traditional combustion engines can meet the target, the current ada.Amerika not play well with this size in a market where competition is increasingly fierce in the field of energy efficiency. "People think the Europeans do much better, which used to be so, but it is now changing," said Peter Mock, head of research at the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), a non profit organization that provides information on clean mobility.

In 2010, the U.S. economy continued recovery from recession. As part of that recovery, sales of U.S. light-duty vehicles rebounded to approximately 12 million in 2010 from less than 10 million in 2009. Historically, U.S. sales of new light duty passenger vehicles ranged from 15-16 million per year from 2005-2008.² Conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been on sale in the U.S. for over ten years, and today sales have grown to almost three percent of total light-duty vehicles. Over 1.6 million HEVs have been sold over the past six years. To reach the one million vehicle goal, EVs will need to average just under 1.7 percent of sales through 2015 (assuming sales of 12 million light-duty vehicles per year).

With increases in the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, vehicle manufacturers are required to increase fuel economy through 2016, with further increases beyond 2016 under consideration. On March 30, 2009, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published the final rule raising CAFE standards for both cars and light trucks. These new standards will encourage the expanded market entry of electric drive technologies.

Market for Electric Drive Vehicles Expected to Increase

Over the past few years, interest in EVs in the U.S. auto industry has surged, with manufacturers beginning to introduce new generations of EVs. For example, in 2010 General Motors introduced the Chevrolet Volt extended range electric vehicle into the U.S. market. The Volt can travel up to 40 miles using power from its lithium-ion battery pack. After that, the Volt can travel up to 375 miles in extended range using its internal combustion engine electric generator. GM has announced plans to build 15,000 Chevy Volts in 2011 and 45,000 in 2012. Based on news reports, the company is working on plans to increase its production target for 2012 to 120,000. (See Table references.) In late 2010, Nissan introduced the Leaf, a 100-mile range all-electric vehicle that incorporates an advanced lithium-ion battery as its sole power source.

In 2012, the 96,000 plug-in electric cars sold in the U.S. represented a bit more than half a percent of the total market of 16.5 million vehicles.Market share is a good statistic: It's useful, and easy to track. But we need to piece together the relationships between vehicle price, type, and market share, to gain a fuller sense of the electric-car landscape.

U.S. Auto Market in 2013

Slimming down U.S. sales

Sales figures for all vehicles sold in the United States in 2013 can be obtained in many places; we used GoodCarBadCar.net (which kindly credits GreenCarReports in its Canadian Tesla sales reports).That data covered about 98 percent of reported U.S. auto sales, good enough for our purposes. The balance consists of commercial vehicles like delivery vans. We estimated Tesla's American sales based on its quarterly shareholder letters, and estimated sales abroad.

Looking up the entry-level sticker price for each of the 271 models listed, we used that as a proxy for each one's average selling price. It's a necessary simplification: automakers don't break down their sales by trim level publicly.Sales of deluxe models may push a vehicle's average transaction price higher, but dealer and manufacturer discounts have some counterbalancing effect--so the entry-level MSRP was a good first approximation.

Netting out Federal Credit

For electric vehicles, we added two steps. Since prices on several plug-ins were cut during the year (thank you, experience curve effects!), we used the average of the starting and ending MSRPs. Then we subtracted the Federal income-tax credit for each vehicle, to reflect the price most buyers would have actually paid.Keeping in mind that our calculated selling prices were rough estimates, we can see that about two-thirds of the U.S. market is made up of cars costing less than $25,000.

SUPPLY CURVE

Supply Curve

The supply curve is a curve that shows the relationship between the price of goods by the number of goods on offer, which is when the number of things that could offer goods at a price level and a certain period of time.

In the following table is one of the supply curve on the sales list "Tough Shrimp Store". The supply curve made under the table.

 Tough Shrimp Store Sales

Sales Curve in Tough Shrimp Store  

Table explanation. Shrimp sales curve shows that the line moves from the lower left to upper right. This shows that the direction of the line on a curve (slope) is positive, which means the amount of goods offered to consumers directly proportional to the price of goods. It can be concluded that "The higher the price, the more the amount of goods offered".

Shifting Supply Curve

On the supply curve can be shifted and this is because the factors that affect the supply curve itself. Shift of the supply curve is characterized by the movement of the curve to the right or vice versa (left).

If the supply curve shifts to the right direction means that the number of bids on the item increases. But on the contrary, if the direction of the shift leads to the left, the number of deals declined. To illustrate the supply curve shifted to the right (increase) or to the left (decrease) then we can take the example of sales in Tough Shrimp Store.

  

List Price Shrimp after price hike

  

Shrimp Prices	Before Up	After
(USD/Kg)	(Kg)	(Kg)
4500	35	30
5000	40	35
5500	45	40
6000	50	45
9000	55	50
11000	60	55

Specification:

S1 = Total supply after price hike

S = Number of offers before the price increase

explanation:

In the chart above shows the S supply curve shifts to the left to S1. This occurred in the supply curve shrimp as a result of the increasing price of seed and feed.

So it can be concluded that a change of one or more factors that were once considered permanent / temporary, will change the number of deals as well shift the supply curve.

TIPS OFERS ON THE INTERNET

Tips Ofers on the Internet

The Website is almost limitless - as well as the selection of new and used cars on the Internet. Instead the various dealers of different car brands graze , find car buyers in Internet portals a wide range of vehicle makes and models . Even vintage car enthusiasts can quickly find it here. And another argument in favor of buying a car on the Internet: the rebates offered on new cars. According to ADAC evaluation of the end of 2013 these are online an average of about five percentage points higher than at the dealership . Harmless though you should on the internet but still can not strike.

Compare new and used car portals in advance
As the ADAC - analysis has shown all car portals on the Internet are not recommended without reservation. The club noted differences in offered rebates , transparency and user-friendliness. As the winner of ADAC awarded in August 2013 , the portal " autohaus24.de " from laggard " airportcars24.de " with an overall rating of " very poor" . In the known major portals , according to the club the risk of fraud is minimal.

Less service when buying a car on the Internet
Who look around online for a car , will probably miss the services of a car dealer . A detailed consultation and test drives are not online there. Especially when buying a used car , you should contact the seller , however, always agree that you can take a test drive before conducting business . When buying a new car , however, it can help in particular in case of warranty to have a personal local contact .

These are your rights as a car buyer on the Internet
Buy a new car on the internet , you have , as with other products, a two -week withdrawal , informed " RP Online" . The reference to this right , you should find noted in the sales contract. Other rights that you have as a buyer , do not differ from those when buying the car trade. So you must give the European-wide warranty periods on the internet sellers . Does the manufacturer extended warranty benefits , these are passed through online portals to the consumer.

Warning , there may be an extra cost!
In particular, new car buyers have to adjust to the fact that it is not done with the purchase price. In addition, often fall on conveyance and factory collection costs , deliveries to your own front door are particularly expensive . Therefore Check in each case whether the Internet higher precipitating discount this does not pay for itself again . In Used same is true : Either you are looking for a model in close proximity to your home or you need to consider the additional travel costs for pick up.

Prices online versus prices in car commercial
At first glance, there are online usually the higher discounts on new cars. Here it is important to note that discounts can significantly melt when they opt for certain extras and equipment options . The car dealer site , however, has a certain margin of maneuver and can be attributed to price negotiations or gives you a certain extra free time. Find a suitable used cars on the internet , you should at a site visit also do without haggling.

Used car market
DAT Report 2014: The current trends in the new and used car market
When buying a used car you must , however, distinguish between the purchase by the dealer and the private person - whereby the used car buying privately not handled online in general , but passed only in the way . A commercial dealer you must , however, ensure that statutory liability for defects for at least one year after purchase.

What special features are at online auction sites?
A particularly high potential bargain offer online auctions. Here, however, you must note as car buyers some basic things . So you should bid for the fun never, for instance , there are closed , according to a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of 2001 legally binding contracts on Internet auctions . To avoid being misled in the excitement surrounding the expiring auction to submit a high bid , so you should always set a personal limit in advance that you do not exceed . A two -week withdrawal you only if it is the seller is a professional trader in this case. So, before you bid on a car privately, you should have the vehicle inspected and always be test driven. Otherwise, buy a pig in a poke.

Global Climate Change

A.    Background

Global issues are much discussed this years about climate change. Climate change is the impact of human activities, particularly in fossil fuel use primarily in the energy industry and transport sectors, as well as land-use change related to forests, agriculture, and livestock (Irwani and Susandi, 2004). Human activity is directly or indirectly cause changes in the natural composition of the Earth's atmosphere so that the temperature got hotter at a rate equal to the rate of change of concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (Waryono, 2002). These changes lead to impacts of climate change such as rising temperatures, drought, forest fires and land fires, and so forth. To reduce the impact of climate change, there should be efforts to address early on the environment such as the use of environmentally friendly energy.

Energy has an important role in people's lives because energy is an important parameter for development and economic growth (Nuryanti, 2007). Almost of all life sectors can not be separated from the energy sector. So far, the community is dependent on fossil fuels. Only coal reserves are still quite a lot, while oil and gas are running low. Therefore, the required source energy that has been provided by nature such as energy derived from sunlight, wind, biomass, water and etc.

The use of other types of energy sources by the community can be seen from energy consumption. Energy consumption can be realized through the establishment of community-based energy independence. The results from the formation of energy independence is to know the amount of energy use in a community. Also, it can also note the types of energy used by the public, the potential energy of a region, it can be seen even in the energy vulnerability of an area.

Communities who live around the river Area (DAS) is one of the communities that use energy sources. DAS has the biophysical conditions (forest potential, the potential of the river, soil conditions, etc.) very strategic location of the development of energy sources used by the public. One of area which has the potential of the watershed is Jeneberang DAS (DAS Sub Sub Malino and DAS Lengkese). One way to detect the state is doing the mapping in the Malino Sub Watershed and lengkese Sub Watershed region.

B.     Climate Change

Climate change is the change in temperature, barometric pressure, wind, rainfall, and humidity as a result of global warming. This Global warming is causing rising temperatures average temperature of the earth as a result of the accumulation of heat in the atmosphere caused by the Greenhouse Effect (GHG) (Sofrizal, 2009).

The phenomenon of climate change has seemed no longer disputed. Various scientific studies illustrate that carbon dioxide (CO ₂₎ in the atmosphere which is a consequence of the results from the combustion of coal, timber, oil and gas, has increased nearly approaching 20% since the start of the industrial revolution. Industrial area that was built almost across the continent of the world has resulted in waste "Greenhouse Gases" (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide (CO _2), methane (CH _4), and nitrousoksida (N ₂ O), which may cause the "blanket effect ". Effect is then mangakibatkan rising temperature of the Earth (Faiz, 2009).

C.     Energy

1.      Definition of Energy

Energy sources available in nature is basically composed of non-renewable energy sources (non-renewable source) and renewable sources (renewable source). Consists of non-renewable energy to fossil fuels, nuclear fuels in the form of uranium-235, and coal bed methane (CBM), which is methane gas in coal seams that are far in the ground. Energy-producing minerals such as oil, coal and natural gas are called fossil fuels because the material is formed over millions of years from the remains of animals and plants. While renewable energy consists of water, geothermal, biomass, solar and wind energy. Renewable energy sources do not (non renewable) is defined as the energy source that can not be filled or re-created by nature in, a short time, rather than a continuous process (Akhadi, 2009).

Alternative energy that can be used to replace the energy that relies on fossil fuels, among others, is the energy of water (hydro power energy), tidal energy (tidal energy), ocean wave energy (wave energy power), ocean thermal energy (ocean thermal energy convertion , OTEC), wind energy (wind energy), geothermal energy (geothermal energy), solar thermal energy (solar energy cell) and nuclear energy (nuclear energy). The use of alternative energy is dependent on local conditions and readiness goegrafis accept alternative energy technologies (Ward, 2010).

2.      Energy Security

World Economic Forum (2006), explain that energy security is the ability of economies to ensure the supply of energy resources in a sustainable and timely with energy prices at levels that would not affect the performance of the economy, thus there are several factors that will mempengeruhi energy security, such as:

1. Availability of fuel reserves both domestically and for export purposes,
2. Ability economy in explore supply / energy source to meet demand,
3. Level of economic diversification of reenergy sources,
4. Accessibility energy resources, in it is associated with availability
   energy infrastructure and transportation, and
5. Stability and security geopolitics approximately energy resources.

Based on definition above, there 3 element basic endurance energy, among others:

1. Physical: the availability of and accessibility supply energy sources,
2. Economics: affordability resources and development energy infrastructure, and
3. Environment: sustainable development and use reenergy sources that satisfy current needs this without sacrifice ability future generations to meet needs their own.

Understanding the Auction

Auction is the process of buying and selling goods or services by offering to the bidder, offering a higher bid price, and then sell thegoods to the highest bidder. There are several variations of the basic auction form, including time limits, minimum or maximum limit of offering price, and special rules for determining the winningbidder and the price. Bidders may or may not know the identity or actions of other participants. Depending on the auction, biddersmay be possible is present in person or through their representatives, including telephone and internet. The seller usuallypays a commission to the auctioneer or auction company based on the percentage of final sales price.

There are some places that are commonly used as a place ofauction:
- Auction Hall
- Pawnshop
- Place the fish auction
- Internet auction


Additionally Auction is any sale of goods in public by way of biddingthe price orally or in writing through the effort of collectingenthusiasts or prospective purchasers.


Auction According to Islam


Auctions are one type of sale where the buyer offers the goods in the crowd and each other buyers to bid higher prices to the highestprice limit of one buyer, then place the contract and the buyer took the goods from the Seller (Abdullah al-Mushlih & Salah al-Shawi,Fiqh Islamic Financial Economics.
Auction exist in Islam and is permissible (permissible). Ibn 'Abd al-Barr said, "Surely it is not unlawful to sell goods to people who add to the price, so by convention the clergy."
But that opinion is weak because there is in this hadith narratorsisnad named Ibn Lahi'ah was he is a weak narrator (dha `if) (ImamAsh-San'ani, Subulus Salam.